History of Embedded Computer silent power
Published: 19 Jul 2025
Did you know that the first embedded computers helped guide rockets to the moon? These tiny, special computers have been quietly working inside machines for decades. They are very different from the laptops or phones we use, but they are just as important. Learning about their history helps us see how much technology has grown and how these little computers make everyday life smarter and easier. Let’s explore how history of embedded computers started and why they matter so much today!
1. What Is an Embedded Computer?
Before diving into history, let’s define what we mean by an embedded computer.
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer designed to perform a specific task within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers (like desktops or laptops), embedded systems are tightly integrated with the hardware they control.
Examples include:
- Microwave ovens
- Cars (engine control units)
- Industrial robots
- Smart TVs
- IoT devices
Now, let’s explore how these powerful systems came to be.
2. 1950s: The Birth of Automation and Early Digital Control
1. 1952 – First Digital Control System
The early 1950s saw the development of automatic control systems. One of the earliest known digital control systems was developed by MIT for the Whirlwind computer.
- Whirlwind I (1952): Built for the U.S. Navy, it was the first real-time computer capable of handling continuous input and output.
Though massive and power-hungry, Whirlwind laid the foundation for real-time embedded control.
2. 1958 – The First Integrated Circuit (IC)
Texas Instruments engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958. Around the same time, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor developed his own version.
- Significance: ICs replaced bulky vacuum tubes, enabling smaller, faster, and more reliable circuits, essential for future embedded systems.
3. 1960s: The First Embedded Systems
1. 1961 – Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC)
One of the earliest examples of an embedded computer was the Apollo Guidance Computer developed by MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.
Used in: NASA’s Apollo missions.
Purpose: To control navigation and guidance systems on the Apollo spacecraft.
Specs: 2 MHz CPU, 2 KB RAM, 36 KB ROM.
Key Milestone: This was the first time software played such a crucial role in a real-time embedded application.
2. 1965 – The First Minicomputer: PDP-8
Digital Equipment Corporation released the PDP-8, the first successful commercial minicomputer.
- Impact: It was small and affordable, making it suitable for control applications in laboratories and industrial settings.
- Use Case: Early embedded systems for factory automation.
4. 1970s: The Microprocessor Revolution
1. 1971 – Intel 4004: The First Microprocessor
In 1971, Intel released the 4004, the world’s first commercially available microprocessor.
- Specs: 4-bit CPU, 740 kHz speed, 2,300 transistors.
- Original Use: Designed for Busicom calculators.
- Game Changer: Enabled compact, low-cost embedded systems.
2. 1974 – Intel 8080 and Altair 8800
- Intel released the 8080 microprocessor in 1974, leading to the creation of the Altair 8800, one of the first personal computers.
Though intended as a general-purpose computer, the 8080’s architecture inspired many embedded systems in industrial automation and communications.
3. 1976 – The Rise of the 8051 Microcontroller
Intel introduced the 8051 microcontroller, which integrated RAM, ROM, and I/O ports on a single chip.
- Specs: 8-bit CPU, 128 bytes RAM, 4 KB ROM.
- Still in Use: It became a standard in embedded applications for decades and is still used today.
4. 1978 – First Automotive Microcontroller
The first use of embedded microcontrollers in automotive applications began in the late 1970s.
- Example: Electronic Engine Control (EEC) by Ford.
- Purpose: To manage fuel injection and ignition systems.
5. 1980s: Expansion and Commercialization
1. 1981 – IBM PC and Embedded Use
With the release of the IBM Personal Computer, standardized hardware and software (like MS-DOS) became widely available.
- Impact: These systems influenced embedded applications by offering off-the-shelf solutions for hardware and software.
2. 1983 – CAN Bus in Automotive
Robert Bosch GmbH developed the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus in 1983.
- Why Important: Allowed multiple embedded systems (like ECUs) in a car to communicate efficiently.
- Standardized: Adopted widely in the automotive industry by the early 1990s.
3. 1987 – ARM Architecture Born
Acorn Computers released the first ARM processor (ARM1) in 1985, but it gained attention after ARM Ltd was founded in 1990.
- ARM = Advanced RISC Machine
- Impact: Low power consumption made it perfect for embedded systems.
- Today: ARM powers most smartphones and embedded devices.
6. 1990s: Embedded Systems Go Mainstream
1. 1991 – Introduction of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
Embedded developers started adopting RTOS like VxWorks, QNX, and RTEMS.
- Benefit: Managed tasks in real-time with precise timing and scheduling.
- Example Use: Medical devices, robotics, and aerospace.
2. 1994 – Java for Embedded Devices
Sun Microsystems developed a lightweight version of Java for embedded systems.
- Java ME (Micro Edition): Used in set-top boxes, mobile phones, and printers.
3. 1995 – Embedded Linux Emerges
Embedded developers began using Linux for more complex devices.
- Why Important: Open-source, customizable, and supported networking.
- Use Cases: Routers, smart TVs, network equipment.
7. 2000s: The Rise of Smart Devices and IoT
1. 2003 – Arduino Development Board
Arduino was introduced in 2003 as an easy-to-use platform for prototyping embedded systems.
- Open-source
- Simple C/C++ IDE
- Used In: Education, hobby projects, DIY IoT applications.
2. 2006 – Raspberry Pi Concept Begins
Though officially released in 2012, the Raspberry Pi Foundation began its work in the mid-2000s.
- Goal: To teach computer science with affordable embedded hardware.
- Impact: Massive use in embedded systems, from weather stations to robots.
3. 2008 – Android OS with Embedded Potential
Android, developed by Google, was launched in 2008.
- Beyond Phones: Soon adapted for use in smart TVs, car infotainment systems, and IoT devices.
8. 2010s: IoT, AI, and Ultra-Low Power Devices
1. 2010 – The Internet of Things (IoT) Boom
IoT became a buzzword. Embedded systems started connecting to the internet to share data and receive commands.
Examples:
- Smart thermostats (e.g., Nest)
- Connected appliances
- Industrial IoT (IIoT) systems
2. 2012 – Raspberry Pi Launches
- Model B Released: Credit-card-sized, ARM-based computer for $35.
- Use Case: Embedded Linux, home automation, sensors.
3. 2015 – ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
The ESP8266 by Espressif Systems made it super easy to create Wi-Fi-enabled embedded projects.
- Low-cost: Under $5
- Used In: Smart bulbs, switches, and DIY IoT gadgets.
4. 2016 – Embedded AI Begins
Edge AI began with chips like Google’s Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) and NVIDIA’s Jetson Nano.
Application:
- Facial recognition in cameras.
- Voice detection in smart speakers.
9. 2020s: AIoT, Edge Computing, and Sustainability
1. 2020 – AIoT: Artificial Intelligence + IoT
Combining AI with IoT led to smart embedded systems that could “think” on the edge.
Examples:
- Predictive maintenance in factories.
- Smart security systems.
- Voice-controlled assistants.
2. 2021 – Matter Protocol Announced
The Matter protocol, backed by Apple, Google, and Amazon, aimed to unify smart home device communication.
- Impact: Improved compatibility and reliability in embedded IoT devices.
3. 2023 – RISC-V Gains Popularity
RISC-V, an open-source processor architecture, became a serious competitor to ARM.
- Why Important: Gives embedded developers full control over their hardware without licensing fees.
An embedded computer is a tiny computer built into a device to do a specific job. It can’t be used like a regular PC. For example, it helps your microwave heat food or your car manage fuel.
A regular computer can do many tasks like browsing the web or running games. But an embedded computer only does one main task, like controlling a washing machine or a sensor. It’s also smaller, cheaper, and often hidden inside the device.
The Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by MIT in the 1960s for NASA, is often considered the first real embedded system. It helped astronauts navigate the moon missions. It was small for its time but very powerful.
The Intel 4004 was the first tiny chip that could work as a full CPU. Released in 1971, it made it possible to build small, affordable computers inside devices. It started the microprocessor revolution.
They’re in almost everything, from your smartphone and smart TV to your washing machine and car. Even traffic lights and medical devices use them. If a device “thinks” and works on its own, it likely has an embedded system.
A microcontroller is a small chip that has a processor, memory, and input/output parts all in one. It’s the brain of most embedded systems. It controls how the device behaves.
Real-time means the system reacts immediately, or within a very short time, to inputs. For example, a car’s airbag system must deploy instantly in an accident. It can’t be late — timing is critical.
IoT stands for the Internet of Things, where devices talk to each other over the internet. Embedded computers inside these devices help them collect data and send or receive information. Examples include smart lights or fitness trackers.
C and C++ are the most common because they’re fast and work close to the hardware. Some systems also use Python, Java, or Assembly. Tools like Arduino use beginner-friendly languages too.
Yes, it’s easier than ever! You can start with simple boards like Arduino or Raspberry Pi. Many free tutorials online can guide you step by step.
Conclusion
So guys, in this article, we’ve covered the history of embedded computers in detail. I really recommend paying attention to the everyday devices you use. Almost everything around us has a tiny computer inside that helps it work better. Trying out a simple embedded project can be a fun way to learn more. If you want, leave a comment or check out our beginner guides to get started!
- Be Respectful
- Stay Relevant
- Stay Positive
- True Feedback
- Encourage Discussion
- Avoid Spamming
- No Fake News
- Don't Copy-Paste
- No Personal Attacks
- Be Respectful
- Stay Relevant
- Stay Positive
- True Feedback
- Encourage Discussion
- Avoid Spamming
- No Fake News
- Don't Copy-Paste
- No Personal Attacks
